Program Verification with Monadic Second-Order Logic & Languages for Web Service Development

Domain-specific formal languages are an essential part of computer science, combining theory and practice. Such languages are characterized by being tailor-made for specific application domains and thereby providing expressiveness on high abstraction levels and allowing specialized analysis and verification techniques. This dissertation describes two projects, each exploring one particular instance of such languages: monadic second-order logic and its application to program verification, and programming languages for construction of interactive Web services. Both program verification and Web service development are areas of programming language research that have received increased attention during the last years. We first show how the logic Weak monadic Second-order Logic on Strings and Trees can be implemented efficiently despite an intractable theoretical worst-case complexity. Among several other applications, this implementation forms the basis of a verification technique for imperative programs that perform data-type operations using pointers. To achieve this, the basic logic is extended with layers of language abstractions. Also, a language for expressing data structures and operations along with correctness specifications is designed. Using Hoare logic, programs are split into loop-free fragments which can be encoded in the logic. The technique is described for recursive data types and later extended to the whole class of graph types. As an example application, we verify correctness properties of an implementation of the insert procedure for red-black search trees. We then show how Web service development can benefit from high-level language support. Existing programming languages for Web services are typically generalpurpose languages that provide only low-level primitives for common problems, such as maintaining session state and dynamically producing HTML or XML documents. By introducing explicit language-based mechanisms for those issues, we liberate the Web service programmer from the tedious and error-prone alternatives. Specialized program analyses aid the programmer by verifying at compile time that only valid HTML documents are ever shown to the clients at runtime and that the documents are constructed consistently. In addition, the language design provides support for declarative form-field validation, caching of dynamic documents, concurrency control based on temporal-logic specifications, and syntax-level macros for making additional language extensions. In its newest version, the programming language is designed as an extension of Java. To describe classes of XML documents, we introduce a novel XML schema language aiming to both simplify and generalize existing proposals. All parts are implemented and tested in practice. Both projects involve design of high-level languages and specialized analysis and verification techniques, supporting the thesis that the domain-specific paradigm can provide a versatile and productive approach to development of formal languages. v